Which city is often associated with its present form originating in the Ming Dynasty?

Beijing is the correct choice because it was during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) that the city underwent significant urban planning and architectural development that shaped its present form. The Ming Dynasty is known for establishing Beijing as the capital of China and for the construction of its iconic structures, including the Forbidden City, which was built between 1406 and 1420. The layout of the city was reorganized to reflect the principles of traditional Chinese cosmology while accommodating the administrative needs of the imperial court.

The other cities mentioned—Anyang, Harappa, and Memphis—do not share the same historical context with regard to the significant architectural developments that occurred during the Ming Dynasty. Anyang is associated with ancient Chinese history but does not have its present form tied directly to the Ming era. Harappa is a site from the Indus Valley Civilization, and its historical significance predates the Ming Dynasty by millennia. Memphis, an ancient capital of Egypt, also does not connect with the Ming Dynasty, as it belongs to a different cultural and historical context.