Which city-state was known for its democratic government and significant cultural achievements, often in conflict with Sparta?

Athens is well-known for its democratic government and substantial cultural achievements, particularly during the 5th century BCE, a period often referred to as the Golden Age of Athens. This city-state pioneered the concept of democracy, allowing citizens to participate directly in decision-making processes, which was revolutionary for its time.

Additionally, Athens produced remarkable advancements in art, philosophy, theater, and architecture, with figures such as Socrates, Plato, and playwrights like Sophocles and Euripides arising from this cultural bloom. The Parthenon, a symbol of Athenian architecture, exemplifies the city's artistic and engineering capabilities.

Its ongoing rivalry with Sparta, another prominent city-state known for its militaristic society, led to significant conflicts, including the Peloponnesian War. This conflict marked a crucial turning point in Greek history, highlighting the different values and systems of governance between the two states. Thus, Athens stands out as the city-state associated with democracy and cultural magnificence.